GLP-1 Nutrition: Protein, Fiber, and Nutrient Gaps
GLP-1 is a hormone made in the gut that helps signal fullness after a meal [8]. Medications based on it reduce how much people eat by about 16-39% [2]. Eating less makes it harder to get enough protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals [1], so four U.S. medical and nutrition societies now describe nutrition support as a core part of GLP-1 care [2].
Key Takeaways
- GLP-1 is a natural gut hormone. Medications that mimic it slow stomach emptying and help people feel full sooner [2][8].
- GLP-1 medications reduce energy intake by about 16-39% compared with placebo [2].
- In one large trial, about 38% of the weight lost was lean mass, which includes muscle [2].
- Experts suggest about 1.2-1.6 g of protein per kg of body weight a day during active weight loss, plus regular strength training [2].
- A multivitamin-mineral supplement is one option experts say can be considered for at-risk nutrients, tailored to each person [2].
- Check with your prescriber before adding any supplement, including botanical blends, to a GLP-1 medication plan.
What Is GLP-1?
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is made mainly by L-cells in the lower small intestine and colon, which release it when nutrients arrive; some brainstem neurons make it too [8]. Among its effects, it slows stomach emptying and reduces food intake [8].
A brief history
- 1906: Benjamin Moore explores whether the gut lining makes a substance that affects blood sugar [8].
- 1929: Zunz and LaBarre isolate a fraction from gut extracts and name the concept "incretin" [8].
- 1960s: New insulin assays confirm that the gut sends signals that increase insulin release after a meal [8].
- Early 1980s: Joel Habener's team, studying anglerfish, finds that the proglucagon gene encodes previously unknown glucagon-related peptides, one of which became known as GLP-1 [8].
Natural GLP-1 lasts only about 1-2 minutes before the enzyme DPP-4 breaks it down [8]. Exendin-4, a peptide first found in Gila monster saliva, shares about 53% of its sequence with GLP-1 over its first 30 amino acids and resists DPP-4 breakdown; it became the basis for exenatide, a GLP-1-based medication [8]. Longer-acting medications such as semaglutide followed.
In the STEP 1 trial, 1,961 adults without diabetes took semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly or placebo for 68 weeks with lifestyle support. Average weight change was -14.9% vs. -2.4% [3].
Why Nutrition Matters on a GLP-1 Medication
A 2025 joint advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society summarized the evidence [2]:
- Less food overall. Energy intake falls by about 16-39% vs. placebo [2].
- Nutrients of concern. Iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B12, and C, especially when intake falls below 1,200 calories a day for women or 1,800 for men [2].
- Digestive side effects. In trials, nausea affected about 25-44% of people, diarrhea 19-30%, constipation 17-24%, and vomiting 8-24%, most often when starting or increasing the dose [2].
Protecting Muscle
Any large weight loss includes some lean mass, which includes muscle and other non-fat tissue [2]. In a STEP 1 body-scan substudy, 62% of the weight lost was fat and 38% was lean mass; the advisory estimates roughly 20% of the loss was muscle [2]. A 2024 review found reported lean-mass losses vary widely across GLP-1 studies, from about 15% or less to 40-60% of weight lost, and stressed that lean mass is not the same as muscle [4].
Two strategies have the best support:
- Enough protein. In a meta-analysis of 20 trials in adults over 50 losing weight, higher-protein diets helped preserve lean mass [5]. The general RDA is 0.8 g per kg a day; 1.2-1.6 g per kg has been proposed during active weight loss [2].
- Resistance training. In a meta-analysis of six trials in older adults with obesity, strength training three times a week during calorie restriction reduced lean-mass loss by about 93% vs. diet alone [6]. These studies did not involve GLP-1 medications.
Five Nutrition Priorities
Based on the 2025 advisory [2]:
- Put protein first. Start meals with eggs, Greek yogurt, fish, poultry, tofu, beans, or lentils, and spread protein across the day.
- Add fiber gradually. Constipation is common [2], and only about 5% of Americans meet fiber recommendations [7]. If nausea is an issue, the advisory suggests avoiding high-fiber or fatty foods for the first few days, then adding fiber from foods with fluids [2].
- Drink enough fluids. Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration, which can affect the kidneys [2].
- Eat small, frequent meals. A small breakfast and small meals every 3-4 hours may help with nausea; ginger or peppermint tea may help some people [2].
- Choose minimally processed foods. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, lean proteins, nuts, and seeds, with fewer refined carbohydrates, sugary drinks, red and processed meats, and ultra-processed snacks [2].
Where Supplements Fit
Food comes first. The advisory adds that supplements "can be proactively considered for at-risk nutrients, such as vitamin D, calcium, B12, or a multivitamin-mineral tablet, at appropriate doses and tailored to each person's needs" [2]. Needs depend on diet, lab results, and medications, so a prescriber or registered dietitian is the right partner.
Open questions. Researchers want better ways to measure muscle (not just lean mass) [4] and trials of protein and exercise strategies in people taking GLP-1 medications [2][6].
NUTRIO Metabolic Core: Nutrient and Digestive Support
NUTRIO Metabolic Core pairs several nutrients the advisory highlights, including iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, zinc, and magnesium [2], with digestive-support ingredients: ginger, peppermint, and bromelain, the DigeZyme enzyme complex, and the LactoSpore probiotic. It is a dietary supplement, not a GLP-1 medication. It does not contain GLP-1 or work like semaglutide or tirzepatide, and it is not a substitute for prescribed treatment. Like every NUTRIO product, it is third-party tested.
Serving size: 2 capsules. Servings per container: 30.
| Ingredient (per 2 capsules) | Amount | %DV |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | 50 mcg | 250% |
| Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate) | 26 mg | 1500% |
| Folate (from L-5-MTHF-Ca) | 400 mcg DFE | 100% |
| Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin 1%) | 525 mcg | 21875% |
| Biotin | 5 mcg | 17% |
| Iron (as Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate) | 18 mg | 100% |
| Magnesium (as Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Citrate) | 200 mg | 48% |
| Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) | 20 mg | 182% |
| Digestive Comfort & Soothing Blend: Gingerols™ Ginger Root Extract (Zingiber officinale)(std. to 5% gingerols), Peppermint Extract (leaf), Bromelain Powder (Ananas comosus)(stem)(std. to 2,400 GDU/g), DigeZyme® | 325 mg | ** |
| LactoSpore® (Bacillus coagulans) (6 billion CFU) | 166 mg | ** |
| Energy & Vitality Complex: Ashwagandha Extract (root)(5% withanolides), Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin), Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate), Folate (as Calcium L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate) | 126 mg | ** |
| Nutrient Replenishment Matrix: Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate), Iron (as Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate), Biotin, Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | 22 mg | ** |
| BioPerine® Black Pepper Extract (fruit) | 5 mg | ** |
**Daily Value (DV) not established.
Other ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT Oil), Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Hypromellose (vegetable capsule).
The label lists the amount of each blend, not of each botanical or enzyme in it. The two complexes also name nutrients that appear in the rows above, and the label does not say whether those amounts are extra.
Ingredient quality.
- Active forms of B vitamins. Vitamin B12 as methylcobalamin, one of the two active forms of B12 [13]. Vitamin B6 as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an active coenzyme form [14]. Folate as L-5-MTHF, the main form of folate in blood, with bioavailability the same as or greater than folic acid [9].
- Chelated iron and zinc. Both are bound to glycine. Iron amino-acid chelates might cause fewer digestive side effects than ferrous or ferric salts [12].
- Two forms of magnesium. Magnesium citrate is better absorbed than magnesium oxide [11]; the label does not say how much of each is used.
- Standardized and branded botanicals and enzymes. Ginger extract standardized to 5% gingerols, ashwagandha root extract to 5% withanolides, and bromelain to 2,400 GDU/g, plus DigeZyme, LactoSpore, and BioPerine, each of which has published human research (see below).
- Clean capsule. A hypromellose (vegetable) capsule, with no colors or flavors in the ingredient list.
- 3rd Party Tested, like every NUTRIO product.
Per its product page, Metabolic Core is vegan, vegetarian, non-GMO, gluten-free, lactose-free, alcohol-free, and allergen-free, and it is made in a GMP-certified, FDA-registered facility.
What the research on its ingredients shows
Studies of individual ingredients do not show what this combination does, and none involved people taking GLP-1 medications. Research on GLP-1 itself is preliminary: piperine increased GLP-1 release from human intestinal cells in a lab study [24], and in 20 healthy young men, meals with curry made from mixed spices raised GLP-1 levels after eating [25]. We found no human trials showing that any single ingredient in Metabolic Core raises GLP-1 levels, and these findings do not show that the product affects GLP-1.
| Ingredient | In Metabolic Core | Human research | Study dose and design | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginger | Part of a 325 mg blend; amount not stated | After one breakfast, lower hunger and lower expected food intake; no change in blood sugar or insulin [18] | 2 g ginger powder; 10 men with overweight; one-day crossover pilot | Study dose far higher. Blood sugar research is mostly in people with diabetes, at larger doses [19] |
| DigeZyme (enzyme complex) | Part of the 325 mg blend; amount not stated | Indigestion scores improved more than with placebo [21] | 50 mg three times a day; 40 adults with functional dyspepsia; 60 days | Small; run by the ingredient's maker |
| LactoSpore (B. coagulans MTCC 5856) | 6 billion CFU | Gas and bloating scores improved more than with placebo [20] | 2 billion spores a day; 70 adults with functional gas and bloating; 4 weeks | Product amount is higher; small; run by the ingredient's maker |
| Ashwagandha root extract | Part of a 126 mg complex; amount not stated | Lower perceived stress and food-craving scores than placebo [22] | 300 mg twice a day; 52 adults under chronic stress; 8 weeks | Study dose is several times the most this complex could contain |
| BioPerine (piperine) | 5 mg | Raised blood levels of curcumin about 20-fold [23] | 20 mg piperine with 2 g curcumin; small study in healthy volunteers | Product contains no curcumin; effects on its vitamins and minerals not established |
| Peppermint leaf extract, bromelain | Part of the 325 mg blend; amounts not stated | Not identified for metabolism, satiety, or blood sugar | — | The advisory notes ginger or peppermint tea may help some people with nausea [2] |
The nutrients have better-established roles. Magnesium plays an important role in glucose metabolism [11]. Vitamin B6 takes part in more than 100 enzyme reactions, including the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fats [14]. Vitamin B12 is required for healthy red blood cell formation and nervous-system function [13], and long-term metformin use can lower B12 levels [13].
Check with your prescriber first. Ask before combining Metabolic Core with a GLP-1 medication, especially if you take it for type 2 diabetes or use other medicines that lower blood sugar. Ashwagandha might interact with antidiabetes, blood pressure, thyroid, immunosuppressant, and sedative medications; rare cases of liver injury have been reported, and some experts advise against it during pregnancy [16]. Piperine slows a pathway the body uses to clear some compounds [23], and iron can interact with medications such as levothyroxine [12]. Ginger can cause heartburn or stomach upset in some people [17].
Pros
- Supplies several advisory-highlighted nutrients, including iron, vitamin D, B12, zinc, and magnesium [2]
- Active forms of vitamin B12, B6, and folate [9][13][14]
- Chelated iron and zinc
- Digestive ingredients with published human research [20][21]
- Vegan, non-GMO, and gluten-free, in a vegetable capsule
- 3rd Party Tested
Cons
- Individual botanical and enzyme amounts are not disclosed
- Botanical amounts are likely lower than in most studies
- 26 mg of vitamin B6 is below the U.S. upper limit of 100 mg a day but above the 12 mg limit set by European regulators in 2023 [14]
- Contains iron, which not everyone needs
- 2 capsules per serving
NUTRIO Complete Multivitamin: Complementary Nutrient Support
NUTRIO Complete Multivitamin complements Metabolic Core with broader vitamin and mineral coverage, including vitamins A, C, and E, which Metabolic Core does not contain. It can also stand on its own when a healthcare provider recommends a multivitamin-mineral supplement. Like every NUTRIO product, it is third-party tested.
Serving size: 2 capsules. Servings per container: 30.
| Ingredient (per 2 capsules) | Amount | %DV |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (as Beta-Carotene) | 600 mcg RAE | 67% |
| Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) | 150 mg | 167% |
| Calcium (as Calcium Carbonate) | 50 mg | 4% |
| Vitamin D (as Cholecalciferol) | 10 mcg | 50% |
| Vitamin E (as DL-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate) | 13.5 mg | 90% |
| Vitamin B1 (as Thiamine Mononitrate) | 7 mg | 583% |
| Vitamin B2 (as Riboflavin) | 7.5 mg | 577% |
| Vitamin B3 (as Niacin) | 30 mg NE | 188% |
| Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxine HCl) | 7.5 mg | 167% |
| Folate | 667 mcg DFE (400 mcg Folic Acid) | 167% |
| Vitamin B12 (as Cyanocobalamin) | 27 mcg | 1125% |
| Biotin | 300 mcg | 1000% |
| Vitamin B5 (as D-Calcium Pantothenate) | 10 mg | 200% |
| Magnesium (as Magnesium Oxide) | 50 mg | 12% |
| Zinc (as Zinc Oxide) | 15 mg | 136% |
| Selenium (as Selenium Amino Acid Chelate) | 30 mcg | 55% |
| Copper (as Copper Gluconate) | 2 mg | 222% |
| Manganese (as Manganese Amino Acid Chelate) | 2 mg | 87% |
| Chromium (as Chromium Picolinate) | 120 mcg | 343% |
| Molybdenum | 75 mcg | 167% |
| Health Support: Lutein, Lycopene (Lycopersicum esculentum)(fruit), Stinging Nettle Extract (Urtica dioica)(root), Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)(fruit) | 170 mg | ** |
| Immune Support: Echinacea Extract (Echinacea purpurea)(aerial), Beta Glucan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)(whole plant), Garlic (Allium sativum)(bulb) | 110 mg | ** |
| Antioxidant Fruit & Energy Blend: Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis)(leaf), Hawthorn Berries (Crataegus pinnatifida), Cinnamon Bark Extract (Cinnamomum cassia), Bilberry Fruit Extract (Vaccinium myrtillus), Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.), Black Currant Fruit Extract (Ribes nigrum), Pomegranate Fruit Extract (Punica granatum) | 190 mg | ** |
**Daily Value (DV) not established.
Other ingredients: Rice Flour, Hypromellose (vegetable capsule), Magnesium stearate, Silicon dioxide.
Ingredient quality.
- Folate as folic acid. At least 85% of folic acid is estimated to be bioavailable when taken with food, compared with about 50% of folate naturally present in food [9].
- Vitamin A as beta-carotene. The body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A in the intestine, and unlike preformed vitamin A, beta-carotene is not known to cause birth defects or reproductive toxicity [10].
- Chelated minerals. Selenium and manganese are supplied as amino acid chelates, and chromium as chromium picolinate.
- Short list of other ingredients. Hypromellose (vegetable) capsules with rice flour, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide; no colors or flavors appear in the ingredient list.
- Third-party tested, like every NUTRIO product.
Per its product page, it is non-GMO, gluten-free, and lactose-free, and it is made in a GMP-certified, FDA-registered facility. Vegan status is not stated.
How It Supports the Advisory's Nutrient Priorities. It supplies several nutrients the advisory highlights, including vitamins A, C, D, E, B1, and B12, plus zinc and magnesium, helping support adequate intake of these nutrients when appetite and food intake are lower [2]. It is designed to complement a food-first plan: it does not contain iron or vitamin K, and its 50 mg of calcium is a small share of daily needs, so those nutrients still come from food or another source your clinician recommends (Metabolic Core provides iron). It also contains botanical blends, so review the full label with your prescriber or pharmacist, especially if you take other medications.
Taking both. Together, the two products provide 35 mg of zinc, close to the 40 mg adult upper limit [15], and 33.5 mg of vitamin B6 [14], so review your total intake from all supplements with your clinician.
Pros
- Supports several advisory-highlighted nutrients in one product
- Folate as folic acid, a highly bioavailable form [9]
- Vegetable (hypromellose) capsules
- Third-party tested
Cons
- No iron or vitamin K; low calcium
- Contains botanical blends that may not suit everyone
- 2 capsules per serving
View NUTRIO Complete Multivitamin
Who Should Get Personal Advice
Get individual guidance if you are pregnant, planning pregnancy, or nursing; have kidney disease, diabetes, or another chronic condition; take other prescription medications; or have ongoing vomiting, diarrhea, or trouble keeping fluids down.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much protein should I eat on a GLP-1 medication? The general RDA is 0.8 g per kg a day, and 1.2-1.6 g per kg has been proposed during active weight loss [2]. Ask your care team for a personal target.
Why am I constipated on a GLP-1 medication? It is a common side effect, reported in about 17-24% of trial participants [2]. Fluids and fiber from foods are recommended first steps [2].
Will I lose muscle on a GLP-1 medication? Some lean-mass loss is common with large weight loss [2][4]. Adequate protein and regular strength training are the best-supported ways to help maintain muscle [2][5][6].
Is NUTRIO Metabolic Core a GLP-1 medication? No. It is a dietary supplement that provides nutrients and digestive-support ingredients. It does not contain GLP-1 or a GLP-1 medication, and it is not a substitute for one. Ask your prescriber before combining it with your medication.
Are NUTRIO Metabolic Core and Complete Multivitamin third-party tested? Yes. All NUTRIO products are third-party tested.
The Bottom Line
GLP-1 medications reduce appetite, which makes nutrient quality more important. Prioritize protein, add fiber gradually, drink enough fluids, strength train a few times a week, and talk with your care team about whether a supplement could fill specific gaps [2]. NUTRIO Metabolic Core is a third-party tested option that supplies several of the nutrients experts highlight, along with digestive-support ingredients, and NUTRIO Complete Multivitamin can complement it with broader vitamin coverage. Check with your prescriber before adding either to a GLP-1 medication plan.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. It does not replace guidance from the clinician who prescribes your medication. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement, especially if you are pregnant or nursing, take medication, or have a health condition.
References
- McEvoy E. Muscle Loss, Micronutrient Gaps, and the GLP-1 Opportunity for Supplement Brands. Nutritional Outlook. 2026. https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/muscle-loss-micronutrient-gaps-the-glp-1-opportunity-supplement-brands
- Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, et al. Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025;122(1):344-367. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12612741/
- Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989-1002. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
- Neeland IJ, Linge J, Birkenfeld AL. Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(Suppl 4):16-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38937282/
- Kim JE, O'Connor LE, Sands LP, Slebodnik MB, Campbell WW. Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2016;74(3):210-224. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4892287/
- Sardeli AV, Komatsu TR, Mori MA, Gáspari AF, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Resistance training prevents muscle loss induced by caloric restriction in obese elderly individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):423. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5946208/
- Quagliani D, Felt-Gunderson P. Closing America's fiber intake gap: communication strategies from a Food and Fiber Summit. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;11(1):80-85. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6124841/
- Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab. 2019;30:72-130. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6812410/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Folate: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B6: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Ashwagandha: Is It Helpful for Stress, Anxiety, or Sleep? Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional/
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Ginger. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger
- Mansour MS, Ni YM, Roberts AL, et al. Ginger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men: a pilot study. Metabolism. 2012;61(10):1347-1352. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408800/
- Chen X, Cheng S, Zhang D. Meta-analysis of the effects of ginger supplementation on glycemic control, blood pressure and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Syst Rev. 2026;15(1):231. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13495174/
- Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Paulose S, et al. The effects of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 on functional gas and bloating in adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(9):e33109. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9982755/
- Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a multienzyme complex in patients with functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Food. 2018;21(11):1120-1128. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6249666/
- Choudhary D, Bhattacharyya S, Joshi K. Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):96-106. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5871210/
- Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, et al. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med. 1998;64(4):353-356. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9619120/
- Huang TT, Gu PP, Zheng T, Gou LS, Liu YW. Piperine, as a TAS2R14 agonist, stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the human enteroendocrine cell line Caco-2. Food Funct. 2022;13(1):242-254. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34881772/
- Haldar S, Chia SC, Henry CJ. Polyphenol-rich curry made with mixed spices and vegetables increases postprandial plasma GLP-1 concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(2):297-300. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29284788/